Urgensi Kodifikasi Hukum Ekonomi Syariah
1. Perkenalan
Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk memaparkan suatu kondisi (keadaan) yang mendesak yang menjadi sebab perlu atau tidak perlunya dilakukan upaya-upaya untuk mengumpulkan secara sistematis dan komprehensif berbagai peraturan tertulis di bidang hukum ekonomi syariah, sehingga menjadi salah satu unsur dalam hukum dan peraturan (nasional).
Gagasan kodifikasi hukum ekonomi syariah telah mendapat perhatian dari berbagai pihak khususnya peminat dan pemerhati hukum ekonomi syariah, sehingga topik ini bermaksud untuk membahas sejauh mana gagasan kodifikasi hukum ekonomi syariah dapat diimplementasikan dalam kerangka nasional. sistem legislasi.
Beberapa fakta objektif penerapan sistem ekonomi syariah yang mendorong perlunya pembentukan fundamental hukum ekonomi yang berorientasi pada syariah dapat dikemukakan dengan menyebutkan beberapa perkembangan sejarah sebagai berikut:
2. Sejarah Perkembangan Implementasi Ekonomi Islam
Menurut Frank E Vogel & Samuel L. Hayes yang membahas hukum dan keuangan Islam, pemikiran awal tentang keuangan Islam bukanlah penemuan abad ini , yang ditandai dengan gerakan politik Islam yang diprakarsai oleh gerakan politik ekstremis.), melainkan berakar pada perintah Al-Qur’an dan Hadits Nabi Muhammad SAW, serta pemikiran yang mengilhami pembentukan hukum Islam di bidang perkawinan. Selama berabad-abad, praktik keuangan kuno yang diterapkan di negara-negara Islam mengadopsi sistem yang dipaksakan kolonial dengan aturan yang ditetapkan oleh kekuatan Barat. Dengan pengaruh Eropa yang begitu kuat, sebagian besar negara Islam menerapkan sistem perbankan dan praktek bisnis yang didominasi oleh sistem Barat. Dapat dikatakan bahwa awal penerapan sistem keuangan Islam pada masa modern saat ini bertepatan dengan kemerdekaan negara-negara Islam pasca Perang Dunia Kedua. [1]
Berdasarkan catatan yang ada, lembaga keuangan Islam yang pertama adalah proyek Mit Ghamr yang didirikan di Mesir pada tahun 1963, yang kemudian disusul oleh Nasser Social Bank pada tahun 1971. Pendirian Bank Pembangunan Islam (1973) diprakarsai oleh Organisasi Konferensi Islam (OKI) yang sebagian sahamnya dimiliki oleh pemerintah dan sebagian lagi oleh swasta merupakan landasan berkembangnya sistem perbankan modern. Didorong oleh keinginan untuk melepaskan diri dari politik dan budaya yang didominasi Barat serta keinginan untuk menjalankan segala sesuatu berdasarkan prinsip syariah, di berbagai negara telah didirikan beberapa bank berdasarkan prinsip syariah.
The idea of an Islamic economic system departs from the concerns of the Muslim world about the application of an interest system to conventional banks which some Muslims consider to be included in the riba category. Therefore, it was in the 1970s when the idea of an Islamic economic system first appeared at the International Conference on Islamic Economics in Mecca in 1976. [2]
Institutions offering Islamic financial services began to emerge in the 1960s in remote areas, but the Islamic banking and finance movement gained growth momentum with the establishment of the Dubai Islamic Bank and the Jeddah-based Islamic Development Bank in 1975. In the process of evolution, early theoretical models of the two-level mudharabah was developed into a multipurpose model that allows Islamic Financial Institutions (IFIs) to conduct trade and financing businesses to earn profits and distribute equal shares to depositors/investors. In order to complete the Islamic financial cycle, institutions offering Takaful services began to appear in 1979 as a substitute for modern insurance systems. [3]
In addition to the increased involvement of Shariah experts, the creative work of research institutions such as IRTI (IDB), and the issuance of Sharia Standards by AAOIFI (Bahrain) which provided the foundation for a budding financial discipline, the participation of major world banking institutions such as HSBC, BNP Paribas and Citigroup in The 1990s provided the impetus to transform from a small discipline into a global industry. The establishment of the Islamic Financial Services Board (IFSB) in 2002 which serves as the institution that sets Islamic finance standards paved the way for Islamic Finance to become a globally acceptable proposition. It provides impetus for the promotion and standardization of the financial operations of the Islamic Financial Institution (IFI) which includes consultations between regulatory authorities and international financial institutions. The emergence of sukuk as an investment and liquidity management instrument in the last six years has not only tended to complete the investment cycle in financial structures that are starting to grow, but also provides impetus for their development with great potential ahead.[4]
3. Development of Sharia Legislation in Laws and Regulations
Since the proclamation era until the 1990s, the word sharia was considered taboo to be included in the treasury of legislation. The stigma of sharia in political and legal discourse is perhaps due to the phobia (worry) that the implementation of sharia will lead to the formation of an Islamic state, or at least “the obligation to carry out Islamic Shari’a for its adherents”, as stated in the Jakarta Charter. However, with the developments that occurred in the latter part of the New Order regime, the government and national legal political policies began to be “tolerant” with this word, so that sharia stigmatization was slowly erased.
Based on a (temporary) search on the Directorate General of Legislation of the Ministry of Law and Human Rights, there are currently 108 laws and regulations (Laws, Government Regulations, Presidential Regulations, Presidential Decrees, and Bank Indonesia Regulations)
The implementation of business activities based on sharia economic principles has achieved significant developments to be observed, at least from a legislative perspective. In this regard, it will be proposed the formation of sharia legislation in the banking sector, judiciary, securities and regulations in the field of limited liability companies.
